The most common misconception held by pagans and non-pagans alike is that Wicca as a religion is thousands of years old. This idea is referred to as the 'Wiccan Myth' and as the name would imply, is not exactly true. Animism, the belief that all aspect of nature are alive and have individual spirits, is an ancient concept and one of the basics of Wicca. Wiccans also follow many Native American beliefs as well as Celtic and Germanic practices. But the structure of Wicca is a recent creation.

        Wicca as a religion was established around the 1930s. Gerald Gardner, often called the father of modern witchcraft, began his encounter with Wicca through an initiation into a coven of British witches. He would often speak about a Dorothy Clutterbuck, the woman who introduced him to and initiated him into the Craft. He saw people from all walks of life worshipping together in a system that was life affirming but unusual. The only word for it then was witchcraft, or the craft of the wise. He practiced with them for some time before he decided to take on the role of educating the masses about his wonderful spiritual experiences. With the anti-witchcraft laws lifting all over Europe he was able to become more public with his beliefs and delve more deeply into the available history of witchcraft. He published his first book about the craft shortly after the laws lifted in England.

        Through years of practice within a coven and research based on the information made available to him Gardner began to piece together the outline of his form of witchcraft. Influenced by existing ceremonial magickal systems such as the Golden Dawn, Gardner eventually he created his own tradition of Wicca which has come to be called Gardnerian. After Gardner introduced his tradition to the world, it was adopted by many who agreed with the context and felt the call. Although the various details of the original tradition have been altered and reshaped into new traditions, the basic form of Wicca has remained throughout. Whether or not he intended to create the system we know as Wicca is unknown and irrelevant. All we need to know now is that the steps he put into motion are still used today. There are now hundreds of traditions of Wicca, and our church chooses to honor them all by adopting none. (We will talk more about traditions much later)

        Although it is commonly agreed that Gardner is the main influence upon our religion, he is not the only one that has had an effect on the shape Wicca has taken today. Other authors had a huge impact on the practices of Wicca. Raymond Buckland was a student of Wicca in England under a Gardnerian coven. He later brought Wicca to America through several books, the most prominent being "The Complete Book of Witchcraft". Scott Cunningham was a Solitary Wiccan who helped break the 'coven mold'. He contended that Wicca was a personal religion, celebrated not only in covens but just as well alone. He wrote several books on the subject and spent a great deal of his life teaching and helping other solitaries feel like a part of Wicca.  Janet and Stewart Farrar are a couple in Ireland who practice openly and publish books about their rites so that others may learn about them.

        Wicca today is an established religion recognized by the United States and other countries. The US Army chaplain handbook even has an entry for Wicca and how to minister to us. We are free by law to practice our religion, although we still suffer great oppression in many areas. Only by stepping out of the shadows and into the light will Wicca ever be truly accepted by the public. With the creation of churches Wicca has come full circle from fringe mystery cult to mainstream religion. Wicca has bloomed from a shaded plant into a full sunlit flower.
 
 

        Among religions across the world, spiritually is the force behind faith, for without the spiritual there would be no faith. With Wicca it is no different. There are Wiccans that believe in many gods and many goddesses, and some that believe the god and goddess are a split definition of the Cosmic One. There are those that are pantheistic and some that are polytheistic. You may answer to any of these calls but what's most important is that you develop a personal view of the divine. The basic format behind Wiccan divinity is as follows:

1.    Divinity is explained in a way that reflects nature.
2.    Nature and divine are one.
3.    Divine is paramount but not supreme.

We will cover all of these points individually. 

1) Divinity is explained in a way that reflects nature.

        Wiccans take most of their lessons about life from nature. Since we are a part of all that is around us, we try to attune ourselves to the life forces we see and   harmonize with them as much as possible. We draw upon the lessons we learn from nature and apply them to our everyday lives. We also develop our ethics and other beliefs from the interaction of nature. Our concept of the divine is the greatest example of this. 

        Nearly every life form on earth has a duality about it. There is a male force and a female force that combine to create the continuing life we see here on earth. . Wiccans use this interaction to define how we feel about spirituality. We look at our divine as a reflection of the design of nature. Just as each species has male and female so do our gods. We as humans have a mother and a father, therefore it would be logical that as a whole we would have a divine mother and a divine father. As Wiccans we define these as the God and the Goddess.

        Some people are not comfortable with the ideas of a "divine mother". Many have been entrenched in a patriarchal society for so long they feel 'silly' or 'weak' revering a goddess. This is a normal reaction and can be easily overcame if you picture her as a mother, your mother, the one who gave you life. The goddess is in everyone, every man  and every woman. She is often seen as a loving mother type but can be viewed many ways.

        Like wise many people are shy to look upon a God as being approachable. They are used to a Preacher speaking to god for him, or praying to an intermediate source that will translate his prayers to god. With Wicca the  God is just as loving and parental as the mother. In fact thinking of the god as a father figure may help you become more comfortable with him. He is the strength in us all, and gives the seed of life to the mother so that she may produce and feed all her creatures on earth. 

2) Nature and divine are one.

        Although we use nature to define how we view our gods, we must not make the mistake of separating them from nature itself.  The Gods are a culmination of the experience of all life on earth. Because of this they are very much a part of nature, and do not bear separation from it. If we were to separate our gods from nature they would not exist, for they are one and the same.

        Most Wiccans will use objects from nature to symbolically represent our gods. Some use celestial bodies, animals and even plants identify with their chosen deity. Each symbol  is used as a focal point for ritual use, meditation and prayer. The Wiccan does not worship the object as a physical manifestation, for they understand that the gods are within and all around.

3) Divine is paramount but not supreme.

        Wiccans view the gods as being the paramount of existence. They symbolize perfect love and perfect trust. Yet we do not think of them as being supreme to us. They represent the zenith of our evolution, but this does not give them control over us. Just as a child does not worship her parents, we do not 'bow down' to our gods. Wiccans honor, revere and respect the gods. We look to them for guidance and help with problems. We share with them our joys and sorrows. But we do not view them as being our rulers. The gods do not wish our blind obedience, nor do they want our supplication. 

        The relationship between the Wiccan and the divine is once again best explained in a family sense. The gods act as our parents; giving life, nurturing, guiding and teaching us. As their children we are all brothers and sisters. We respect the gods, as well as each other. The gods do not make demands of us, but they do expect us to take care of each other and ourselves.

        Along with a few other beliefs, these views on divinity are the common ties that define and differentiates wiccans from other pagans. It will be important for you to remember these concepts when drawing your own beliefs. 
 
 

        Historically polytheism is a common theme for religions. Cultures would separate and assigned human aspects to various Gods. Then these Gods would be revered as the archetype of this aspect. For example Aphrodite was viewed as a Goddess of love and worshipped as such. Offerings such as flowers would be made to her in exchange for prayers of desired love. In reminiscence of this most Wiccans will adopt the names and forms of  different Gods all around the world. By honoring aspects in individual Gods they feel closer to each aspect and thus closer to themselves. 

        A group of Gods within a culture is called a pantheon. Many Wiccans use pantheons from lots of different countries, and some choose to stay within one culture. Wiccans feel that many paths are valid and all cultures have contributions to make to the human experience. If  you do choose a certain God to represent aspect to you try to research it as much as possible. Try to keep close to the original concepts of that deity and don't adapt it to fit ideas it wasn't originally designed for. Not only will you be changing the very God you chose but you will be insulting the culture you borrowed it from as well. Just remember that we link our God and Goddess together in these pantheons to honor each other. 

        You certainly do not need to choose a pantheon at all. Many Wiccans feel they do not need specific names or forms to associate the Gods with. They call the Goddess 'the Lady' and the God 'the Lord' and nothing more. They may feel like they cant agree with any existing pantheon or they just don't like being restricted by the outlines of other cultures. And no matter what any one tells you it won't lessen the importance of your deities just because they don't have names.  We will go over some commonly shared ideas about the God and Goddess, and from this you should be able to hone your personal ideas.
 

The Goddess

        As we have discussed before the Goddess is often seen as being the "divine mother" of us all. The common Wiccan view of the goddess is threefold: the Maiden, the Mother, and the Crone. These three sides fall in relationship with the life of a woman. The young woman, the mother figure and the aged woman. Although we associate the goddess more freely with women, she is the mother of us all, male or female. You don't have to be a woman to feel more close to the goddess. 

        She is often referred to as 'Mother Earth' because she is one with the earth as she is one with us. The moon in all its phases is another reference to the Goddess. These phases illuminate the phases of the goddess; waxing being the maiden, full being the Mother and waning to new becoming the Crone. A few symbols that are used to represent her are the cauldron, the cup, five-petal flowers, mirrors and seashells. Any symbol that has a feminine feel or look could represent the Goddess, especially those that contain other things giving the impression of a womb.
 

The God

        Many flee the thought of a God due to upbringing in other religions, and abandon him all together. But the Wiccan God is not the stern God of other religions. The Wiccan God is compassion, strength and guidance. He is the consort (partner) of the Goddess and father to us all. He is equal to the Goddess in all things, and just as important to your spirituality.

        He is often thought of as the sun, with its rays giving life to the earth, and as it cycles we celebrate his rise and fall accordingly. (We will talk more about these celebrations later) He is the wild hunter of the forest and protector of all animals. He also is the ruler of sex. Sexuality in a mature and responsible form is celebrated among Wiccans, and the God represents this to us. Some symbols that reflect the God are swords, horns, diamonds and a staff. Anything with a phallic shape to it can represent the god.
 

Questions

1) Who is usually referred to as the "father of  Wicca"? Why? 
2) If you can, name another Wiccan author and book that you have read. Has this book influenced you and how?
3) How are nature and Wicca 'tied' together? 
4) What do you think this statement means "The Divine are paramount but not supreme."
5) What is the difference between pantheism and polytheism?
6) Explain your concept of the Gods. What does the God mean to you? The Goddess?
7) Name a form or shape you see the God and Goddess as being.
 

Homework

Students will choose a folded slip of paper from a bowl. There will be the name of a God or Goddess and the culture they come from on the paper. The assignment is as follows:

      Take this name and using resources available write a paper explaining all of the information you can find on this God/Goddess.  The paper can be as long or as short as you like, making sure to include the origins of the God/Goddess, any evolution or changes the God figure made in history and the attributes of the God/Goddess.
 
 

         Wicca has several 'rules' that guide our ethical nature. The most important and focused upon tenet is  the Wiccan Rede. The Rede is stated as such:

        The first part of the Rede sounds simple enough. Harm none. Bring no harm to anyone, especially yourself. Some people interpret this to mean anything, animal, mineral or vegetable. Some people say it is just in reference to anything that is living such as animals and plants. Either way it is a statement of protection. Harm none. 

        Harm is usually interpreted as anything that causes ill will or 'bad things' to happen to some one. It can be something as simple as starting a fight, physical or verbal. It also can be demands such as forced sex or drugs. The list of 'harm' goes on and on. In general its anything that hurts someone else, physically or mentally.

        The second half is a little different to interpretation, 'do what you will'. This is interpreted and defined many different ways. The most common definition of 'will' is ones desire or conceives need. Therefore this can be interpreted as "do what you like, or what want". Also the second half would suggest a restriction on binding others, weather its physical, mental or magical. The Rede applies to all beings of the earth. Therefore how can you allow others to do what they 'will' if you bind them in the process. Individuals must be able to make the distinction between good and bad, between harm and need. 

        Remember most of all that this is a Rede, not a law and not a sin. The Rede is a guideline, and if you do not follow it you may find some consequences to deal with, but the important thing is that you are responsible for yourself. That is the most important lesson of the Rede. If you find an action you must perform does consequently hurt another, than you will learn from it and devise a different course next time. One can go on for hours in a philosophical debate over the Rede and different interpretations on it. But we will end our thoughts here for now, and allow you to decide for yourselves.

        The second common rule of ethics for Wiccans is the Three Fold Law, or the rule of three. Any action made by a person, positive or negative, will return to them three times as powerfully. The number three here is really arbitrary, chosen only for its multiplicity and enlarged sense. The whole rule is to give the idea that when you do an action there will be a reaction, usually in a greater sense when it returns to you. It is just like the first law of physics which states for every action there is a positive and negative reaction.

        If you throw a rock onto a still pond, the water begins to ripple outwards over and over. When these ripples hit something in the water the ripples begin to flow back on themselves until the original spot is no longer still but covered in ripple after ripple. This is very much like the rule of three. When you send out a good deed, it ripples upon the surface of humanity until the deed is returned to you in a form much more important than you put into it. Like wise for bad deeds. Usually this is a matter of relationship. The returning deed seems more good or bad because its happening to you. It is not usually exactly 3 times as much. 

        The third rule governing Wiccan ethics is the existence of karma and reincarnation. Karma means action and that is what it is about. Much like the rule of three, karma effects you in ways that are reactionary to your deeds. You do good than you have good karma. Likewise you do bad and you collect negative karma. Simple enough. This is tied in with the rule of three in a certain sense, except the rule of three is quicker return of deed, whereas karma can literally wait lifetimes to buildup. This brings in the concept of reincarnation.

      Reincarnation is the belief that we live, die and return to the earth in a different form. The basic goal of reincarnation is the ultimate evolution of the soul. We learn lessons each time we reincarnate that help us or harm us in our next life. There are hundreds of different views on the subtly of reincarnation. Some feel we return with all memories intact, but lying in our subconscious. Some feel we return with no memories but that our past karma moves with us. Since one of the main themes in Wicca is that life is cyclical (in a circle) than karma and reincarnation become a sort of metaphysical 'checks and balances'. One pauses before an action to consider how it will affect the 'next life' they live. After all we don't want to reincarnate lower than we were in this life.

        All of these rules mentioned above are the basis for Wiccan thought and deed. Although we try to use them in all actions we take, we are guided by these rules, not ruled these guides. The ethics of Wicca inspire us to lead lives of frugality and compassion. By using these ethical points to judge our own actions, we try to ensure our responsibility, whether our judgment was good or bad.
 
 

        The best way to review the principles of Wicca is to reflect and discuss the principles set forth by the American Council of Witches in 1974:

1.    We practice rites to attune ourselves with natural rhythm of life forces marked by the phases of the moons and the season quarters and cross quarters.

        Wiccans celebrate the Goddess during the phases of the moon. These are commonly called Esbats and are held anytime during the night preferable under a full or new moon. We also celebrate the God as marked by the cycle of the sun or seasons. These are called Sabbats. There are 8 every year marking the seasonal changes and spaces in between. We will go into more detail about both Esbats and Sabbats later in our lessons.

2.    We recognize that our intelligence gives us a unique responsibility towards our environment. We seek to live in harmony with nature, in ecological balance offering fulfillment to life and consciousness within an evolutionary concept.

        Wiccans feel responsible for their environment and each other. We recognize that we are more intelligent than other beasts, but not necessarily better than them. As a result we try to live in harmony with all things as best we can.

3.    We acknowledge a depth of power far greater than is apparent to the average person. Because it is far greater than ordinary it is sometimes called supernatural, but we see it as lying within that which is naturally potential to all.

        Wiccans realize that there is a power in the universe that is collectively greater than the individuals that we are. We believe this force is a natural part of us all and because of this we do not refer to it as supernatural. 

4.    We conceive of the Creative Power of the universe as manifesting through polarity, as masculine and feminine, and that this same Creative Power lives in all people, functions through the interaction of the masculine and feminine. We value neither above the other, knowing each to be supportive of the other. We value sexuality as a pleasure, as symbol and embodiment of life and as one of the sources of energies used in magickal practices and religious worship.

        As we have already discussed, Wiccans worship both a God and Goddess. Most of this statement we have already covered. Sexuality is something that Wiccans value rather than restrict. We use it for both pleasure and religious symbolism. 

5.    We recognize both outer and inner,  (or psychological worlds sometimes known as the spiritual world, the collective unconscious, and inner planes, etc.) and we see the interaction of these two dimensions the basis for paranormal phenomena and magickal exercises. We neglect neither for the other, seeing both as necessary for our fulfillment.

        Wiccans believe that the inner or spirit world interacts with the outer or  waking world on a daily basis. We view this as the reason for the existence of  magick and other phenomena. We choose to operate within both worlds as it is necessary to our needs.

6.    We do not recognize any authoritarian hierarchy, but we do honor those who teach, respect those who share their great knowledge and wisdom and acknowledge those who have courageously given of themselves in leadership.

        Wiccans do not have a central authority. Although we have formed a church, we have not placed the leadership within the hands of any one group. Each member of Wicca is as important as the high priest. 

7.    We see religion, magick and wisdom-in-living as being united in the way one views the world and lives within it, a world view and philosophy of life, which we identify as Witchcraft or the Wiccan Way.

       Wiccans combined magick, religion and living wisely into our craft.

8.    Calling oneself "Witch" does not make a Witch- but neither does heredity itself, or the collections of titles, degrees or initiations. A Witch seeks to control the forces within her/himself that makes life possible in order to live wisely and well, without harm to others and in harmony with nature.

        You are not  Wiccan as a result of birth right or titles. You become a Wiccan through your life style and personal beliefs. 

9.    We acknowledge that it is the affirmation and fulfillment of life, in a continuation of evolution and development of consciousness that gives meaning to the universe we know and our personal role within it.

        Wiccans chose to support life in all its roles and adopt a 'live and let live' attitude towards it. This is reflected in the Rede and other ethical statements we follow.

10.    Our only animosity towards Christianity or any other religion or philosophy of life, is to the extent that it's institutions have claimed to be "the one true, right and only way" and have sought to deny freedom to others and to suppress other ways of religious practice and beliefs.

        Wiccans believe that 'all paths are valid'. By this we mean that all life affirming beliefs can add to the human experience. In other words the way of the Wiccan is not the way for everyone. We recognize the differences of spirituality between people as valid and believe it creates a more colorful world in which to grow and thrive.

11.   As American Witches, we are not threatened by debates on the history of the Craft, the origins or various terms, the legitimacy of various aspects of different traditions. We are concerned with our present and future.

        Following a church or tradition that originated in America seems to make some Wiccans feel invalid about the lineage of their faith. We of the Church of Wicca do not feel a faith is anymore valid due to its foreign ties. We see our faith stemming from a love for the Gods and each other. That is what is most important to us.

12.   We do not accept the concept of 'absolute evil', nor do we worship any entity known as 'Satan' or 'the Devil' as defined by Christian tradition. We do not seek power through the suffering of others, nor do we accept that personal benefits can only be derived by denial to another.

        This lets people know that we DO NOT worship Satan. This unfounded lie has haunted our faith since its inception. Wiccans do not have a concept of absolute or complete evil in our faith. We do not even believe in the Devil, so how can we worship him? This statement also lets people know we do not seek to harm or control people. We live for the sake of living, not for harming others.

13.   We work within nature for that which is contributory to our health and well being.

        Again we live at one with nature. We try to attune ourselves to it ecologically, mentally and emotionally. We use lessons from nature to shape our lives. 
 

Questions

1) How are your current ethics similar or different from Wiccan ethics? 
2) Explain what the Wiccan Rede means to you.
3) Explain what the Rule of Three mean to you.
4) Explain  your concept of how Karma works.
5) Do you believe in reincarnation? Why or why not?
6) Do you disagree with any of the 13 principles? If so why?
 

Homework:

Write a list of your own personal principles and explain what they mean. 
(For example: I believe that all beings are sacred. All beings are part of the web of life and therefore deserve respect and understanding. No being is more important than another and all are blessed by the Gods.)
 
 

        There are many holidays in the Wiccan year, most celebrating the cycle of life and death, all honoring our connection with the earth and the Gods. There are both solar and lunar holidays that honor the father and mother respectively. The solar holidays are called Sabbats and the lunar holidays are called Esbats. 
 

Sabbats

        Eight times a year the Wiccan marks the turn of the seasons and the cycles of the sun by celebrating them. The celebrations are called Sabbats. From the cold of the winter to the warmth of the summer, we follow the sun as he represents the God. The action played out by the sun cycles is very dramatic. First there are the equinoxes and solstices. An equinox is when the day and night are of equal length, and a solstice  is when the day or night is longer than the other. These are called the quarter holidays and are Germanic in origin. They mark the change of the seasons and so we celebrate them accordingly. The other Sabbats are called cross-quarters. They mark the halfway points between the quarter holidays and are Celtic in origin. These were holidays to celebrate the current season and encourage the next. The completion of the year in this cycle is called the year wheel or the wheel of the year. It is often drawn out in a circular chart with pie sections to show the different seasons and cycles.
 

 Lets look at each one individually:

1.    Yule: This is the winter solstice that usually falls on December 21. It is the longest night of the year and shortest day and so it represent the suns return to the earth. After this solstice the days will lengthen until the sun will shine longer each day than the moon. Since we use the sun as our symbol for the God, this becomes a birth day for him. He returns to the earth after giving his life in the harvest during the autumn Sabbats, which we will talk about later. The Goddess gives birth to him and winter begins.

2.    Imbolc: Usually falling on February 2nd, this Sabbat celebrates the return of the lengthening of days and is the first spring celebration. In the dead of winter the people of old would wonder if the warmth would ever return. To help facilitate the end of winter they would light lots of candles and fires, showing the sun they wished his warmth and return. Later on when mankind learned to read the stars and chart their paths, we realized the suns cycle and that the seasons come and go without our help. But we still honor the return of longer days with this celebration. The name is derived from an old Irish word oimelc, meaning ewe's milk, for the first lambs were born this time of year and the mothers would feed not only the lambs but many times mankind as well.

3.   Ostara: This is the second of the spring festivals. It is traditionally in honor of the awakening earth and Goddess. It is an equinox, so the day and night are of equal length.  It marks the return of spring and many early flowers begin to bloom. Wiccans try to incorporate as many fertility symbols into this celebration as possible to encourage the earth's growth and many times their own. Some couples will try to conceive this day and will as for blessings for such endeavors. Common fertility symbols used are eggs and rabbits.

4.    Beltane: More wide known as May Day, this holiday falls on either April 30 or May 1st depending on the tradition. The last of the spring festivals, this one also honors fertility and virility. It is a time for romance and love, as the God has grown to manhood and claims the Goddess as his bride. They unite and all life on earth continues for another year as the Goddess once again becomes with child. People use varied symbols to represent the Gods at this time, but the favorites are the may pole, and the cauldron.

5.    Litha: Occurring around June 21st, this solstice marks the beginning of summer and the decline of the sun. This, the longest day of the year, is when the God and Goddess are at their heights of power. The earth of rich and full of life. It is a classic time for magicks of all kinds.

6.    Lammas: This day falls around August 1st and is the first harvest celebration. The summer crops are ready for picking and likewise the God begins to loose his strength. The days grown shorter and the Goddess waits in sorrow and joy as she knows his power lives on inside of her.

7.    Mabon: Arriving around September 21st and the second of the harvest Sabbats this one is an equinox as well. The harvest which began at Lammas ends now. Nature begins to shut down and close up readying for the winter months ahead. The God prepares in his weakening strength to leave his physical body (the fields and crops) and journey to the great unknown again towards rebirth. This classic symbolism of death and rebirth is a common tie among many faiths and philosophies. The God figure or hero gives of his life so that his children or brethren may live. We honor the God for this by celebrating his gifts and feast in his name.

8.    Samhain: Commonly called the 'Witches New Year', we also know it as Halloween. Celebrated on October 31st this is the last of the harvest rites. It ends the year wheel on a note of death but the promise of rebirth. The God is now thought of as being dead, and we mourn his passing not with sorrow but with joy for his soon return. It is a reminder that we are all mortal and yet eternal with the earth. There are lots of ceremonies and traditions associated with the holiday of Halloween and Samhain. Some of them are alike and some are dramatically different. This Sabbat is also celebrated by many Wiccans as a new year holiday because they believe that endings are just beginnings, so with the end of the year wheel it begins again.
 

Esbats

        Generally any celebration not held in honor of a Sabbat is called an Esbat. Where as Sabbats are a time for the sun cycles, Esbats are held to honor the moon and her phases. Esbats are traditionally held on full or new moons, once a month. Rituals that include magickal workings are common themes to Esbats. Some Goddess traditions like Dianics only allow women at the rituals, and men that do attend are not allowed to participate. This is due to the fact that they feel that Esbats are a time for honoring women and their power. Our Church takes a more balanced approach to this as we feel that the Goddess is in all people, not just women. So our Esbats are available for all to attend.

        An act called, 'Drawing Down the Moon' is usually performed during these rituals. When some one draws down the moon, she or he calls on the Goddess and welcomes Her into themselves. They then become a vessel for the Goddess as she comes alive in this person. Whether or not the person actually becomes 'possessed' by a deity or if its just an act of symbolism varies from tradition to tradition and is not important. What is important is the act itself. We honor her by offering ourselves to her service in this way. We also recognize the Goddess in ourselves by allowing her to enter us and become one.
 
 

        Ritual is defined as being a prescribed form for a ceremony. Some define it as being a set way of performing actions. Any way you define it, rituals are part of our everyday lives. You probably perform many rituals day to day right now without even realizing it. The way you dress, wake up in the morning or even eat your meals can be considered rituals. Wiccans celebrate their holidays, recognize their rites and honor the Gods all in the form of rituals. Ritual is an intricate part of the Wiccan lifestyle. These rituals can be as simple as a morning routine of prayer and offering, or as complex as a full Sabbat ceremony. We do rituals to celebrate the Gods, or to work magick in our lives. When we perform rituals for our Sabbats or Esbats they tend to have some common themes:

1.    Creating a Sacred Place:  Before a ritual begins, Wiccans will often cleanse the area they plan to work first. Then they set up their items they intend to use. Many will also cleanse themselves as well with a bath or and anointing of oils. Then the next step is to cast the circle. One projects or casts a circle around his work place. The circle serves many purposes. First of all it marks the area as a sacred work place that none may enter unless invited. Second it becomes a container for any energies raised within.  And lastly  it serves as a barrier against others energies entering the work space. With the space created we move on to the next step.

2.    Invocations:  Most Wiccans will invite and welcome the elements and the Gods to their rituals. This welcoming is called an invocation. Wiccans will call these elements or quarters to the circle for their guidance and helpful energies. During ritual all Wiccans will recognize the power of the Gods and ask for their blessing on the rite being performed. We do not command they attend our performance, we simply ask their attendance.

3.    Ritual Observance:  This is when we recognize the value of the Sabbat we are honoring. It is the part where we tell stories or pass on myths related to the season. We do actions or deeds that reflect the present Sabbat, such as planting a seed at Ostara, or burning a wreath at Samhain. 

4.   Raising Energy:  If you are performing magick in the ritual, raising energy is one of your steps.  Raising energy means the act of gathering the energies we need to focus on our magick task. You can raise through any physical or mental means you choose. After the energy is raised we send it out to the task, pushing it out of us and into what we desire.

5.    Earthing the Power:  This step is commonly called 'Cakes and Ale'. The process is meant to let the you regain your strength after raising power or other workings in circle. There is a plate of cakes and a chalice of ale that are first blessed and then a portion is eaten and drank so that the practitioner may become nourished and whole again. The act is not only physical but also symbolic of our fellowship when done in a group. The cake is passed with the words 'may you never hunger' and the ale is shared with the words 'may you never thirst'. Either way what is left is given to the earth as an offering.

6.   Thanks:  After the ritual is done we thank the quarters for their attendance and bid them farewell. We also do the same for the Gods, only taking more care not to command them to leave. Thank them for their blessings and that is all.

7.   Releasing the Circle:  The last common step in ritual is the removal of the circle. The actual way to remove one is entirely up to the caster. Many just say its open and it is. Some take it up manually by 'retracting' it back in a similar way they cast it.

During ritual you may hear the phrases 'blessing', 'cleansing' and 'consecrating'. Lets go over these phrases so your more familiar with them.

Blessing:  When someone says they are blessing something it means they are signifying it as being holy or sacred. A variety of things are blessed at one point or another during rituals. Nearly all ritual items are blessed before usage.

Cleansing:  When one cleanses something in Wicca they are trying to remove any negative energies from it. Cleansing are performed in lots of ways from brushing the item off during ritual with a feather, or washing the item in ritual water. Some people feel that burying an item can remove deeper negative energies and is the only way to permanently remove them. You can also focus the power of the Gods or the elements onto the item to remove the energies.

Consecration:  When something or someone is consecrated they are being devoted to serve the divine. Tools that are consecrated are from then on usually only used for magick or ritual. People are usually consecrated during an initiation, to represent the point that they now serve the lord and lady. Consecrations are performed by presenting the item as devoted to the Gods, sometimes with an anointing of oils or wine. 
 
 

        When performing magick or ritual Wiccans often call upon the elements for guidance and extra power. These four elements are earth, air, fire and water. They are also referred to as the four quarters. They elements are considered the foundation for all of life because everything is made of them. We see the power that the raw elements have, and honor it within and outside of ourselves. We do not think of them as being Gods themselves, they are more like teachers and guides. During ritual or magick works, the Wiccan will call forth the essence or spirit of the elements to align themselves with the aspects of nature, and thus focusing their energies through them.

        Earth is the ground below us. It is the trees, the  plants, the rocks and the stones. It is considered a force of strength and grounding. On the compass north is commonly considered earth, although it can be what you prefer. Bowls of salt or earth are used in ritual to represent air. Common symbols for earth are:
 

        Air is the very air we breath. It is the wind on the wings of birds and the breeze on the ocean. It is thought of as being the force of inspiration. Incense usually represents air, as well as feathers. East is generally thought of as being the direction of air. The common symbols for air are:
 

        Fire is the flame within us. Its the raw flame burning in a fire pit and the gentle crackle of a candle. Flames such as candles are used to represent fire although anything of a red color or 'hot' quality can do. Fire is an element of force and change. South represents fire as do these symbols:
 

        Water is the liquid of life. Its the raw surging ocean and a gentle babbling brook. It is the element of mystery and understanding. The obvious choice for representation is a chalice of water, but you can also use a sea shell. West is the direction for water. Here are a few symbols:
 

        Again explore your ideas and concepts of the elements. Decide and use what concepts feel comfortable to you. Colors, items and symbols should all be as personal as possible or your connection with them wont be complete.
 

Questions

1) Why do we perform Sabbats?
2) What is your favorite Wiccan holiday? Why?
3) Why do we perform Esbats?
4) Do you believe that the Goddess actually enters someone during a "Drawing Down the Moon"? Why or why not? 
5) What is ritual and how is it used in the religion of Wicca? 
6) In your own words name and explain one of the steps used in ritual. 
7) Name something you do in your life right now that you would consider a ritual.
8) For each of the four elements name a representation you would use.
 

Homework:

Students are to draw a folded slip of paper from the bowl. The name of a Sabbat will appear on the paper. The homework is as follows:

      Using any available resource write down the correspondences of this Sabbat. Include incense, food and anything else you would use to celebrate the holiday. Then using the ritual outline, construct a ritual to celebrate the day. Be sure to personalize it with your own invocations, etc.
 
 

        First you will notice that we spell magick with a 'k' on the end. No this is not a misspelling, it is to mark the difference between magic and magick. Magic is what the world knows as stage magic or parlor tricks. Rabbits out of hats, disappearing scarves and other age old favorites. These are slight of hand masteries that any dexterous person can soon learn and perform readily. 

        Magick on the other hand is about personal transformation. Change in conformance with will. The author, Scott Cunningham defines it as:

        Magick is the use of these natural energies to effect the change we desire. All around us and in ourselves we will find these energies. The earth is alive with them as well as the whole universe. Magick is when we raise these energies and focus them upon our purpose. There are three common sources for these energies; personal power, earth power, and divine power. 

        Personal power is the energies within yourself. It is your life force. The energies you obtain from food and water, from the sun are all transformed into personal energies. When you feel tired or weak these energies are running low. When you feel hyper and 'alive' these energies are very strong. We can focus these energies in ourselves to work magick through chants, song, gesture and a plethora of other forms.

        Earth power is the energies that reside in the planet. Crystals, stones, trees, fire and more all contain natural earth power. We can use these objects in conjunction with our own power to boost and project our energies with them. By incorporating them into ritual and magickal workings we can use earth power to enhance our own energies.

        Divine power is perhaps the most important of the three. Both personal and earth power are manifestations of divine power. Since the God represent the life force itself all power stems from them. Wiccans also ask the Gods for their blessings and help when we do magick workings. From this, we can see that Wiccan magick is properly defined as religious magick.
 

Ethics in Magick

        Ethics and magick are tied together. When you decide your magickal workings you must include the principles of the Rede and the Three Fold Law into each occasion. Magick is not for harm, nor is it for control. It is for personal change, and can be used on others if they so desire. You should never perform a spell on someone without them knowing. If you do you are responsible for the effect of that spell on that person. We are always responsible for the outcomes of our works. It may seem like the right thing to do, or you may feel justified in doing so, but in the end the effects will come back to you by the three fold law. 

        Remember anything you send out, ANYTHING whether good or bad will return to you in some way. Just as I may feel justified in throwing a punch in defense, the police are also justified for arresting me for assault. Karma does not care 'who started it' it only cares what is done about it. Also these are just rules, not binding laws. You may feel free to harm others or ignore our Rede and do what you like regardless of others. But if you do you must be prepared to take responsibility for any action. Responsibility is the continuing key to our faith. So if you feel you must bind some one against their will, then do so as long as you also accept that the Gods do not decide what is right or wrong, we do. They will not filter your actions for you , that is for you to do on your own.
 

Working Magick

        Performing or working magick is not as hard as it may seem. It can be as easy as a prayer, or as complex as a seven day ritual. Magick is the focusing of our energies into a desired effect. Drawing money to you, bringing love into our life, even healing a broken bone can all be done with magick. There are a few basic steps to all magick intentions.

1.    Realization: Deciding your intent and seeing it as a real goal. If you do a spell for money you need to believe you will get the money you need. Belief in the goal is nearly half of what magick is all about.

2.    Focusing energy: Doing the spell and focusing the actual energies into your task is the bulk of magick. Weather you decide to charge an amulet or chant and dance, focusing the energy will allow your will to effect the change you need.

3.    Physical reinforcement: Magick will not happen if you do not 'back it up' in the real world. If you do a spell to help you buy a new car, then sit at home and wait for it to appear in your driveway, you will be waiting a long time. You need to go and read the papers, shop around and connect with people. The car you desire will manifest through this type of physical search. Without actions to go behind the magick, it is just empty wishes. 
 
 

        Wiccan magick requires very little in the terms of tools. Unlike ceremonial magick or folk magick, we need little more than our desire and our will to effect the change we need. Most Wiccans however use tools to enhance their workings. Many use tools because they feel unfocused and can not operate without them. Many never use tools at all. But what every Wiccan knows and will agree on is that the power is not in the tools, it is in the person. Those that do use tools share a common selection of basic ones. 

1.    Athame: This black handled knife usually has a double edged blade. It represents the male life force and is used to direct energies in ritual and is associated with the element of fire. It has many uses including casting the circle, invoking or releasing the quarters and even blessing water. The handle is usually black because it is thought that black is a drawing and storing color, and it can collect and store energies when in ritual. 

2.    Boleen: This is a white handled knife intended for any cutting or carving used in ritual. From carving runes in candles, to cutting herbs from the garden this knife is versatile and a working tool.

3.    Bessom: The bessom, or broom, is a tool of cleansing. The old idea that witches used to fly them across the sky at night is silly to say the least. Wiccans use brooms to sweep the area they are going to work in before ritual. There are a lot of other traditions and uses associated with the broom. 

4.    Cauldron: The cauldron is a tool that needs no introduction. It is a tool of magical transformation, representing the feminine. Used for everything from brewing and cooking, the cauldron is a versatile tool. You can burn fires in it, cook the feast or even steep your magickal herbs.

5.    Chalice: The chalice is like a miniature version of the cauldron. It represents the feminine and water. It can be made of any substance you like.

6.    Pentacle: The pentacle is a flat article with the five pointed star on it. It again can be made of any substance. It represent the earth and the star is a symbol of protection. The pentacle is often used to place has a "plate" for other items that you bless or consecrate.

7.    Sword: The sword is like a larger athame. It also represents fire and is often used as a symbol of authority.

8.    Thurible: Often referred to as a censor, the thurible is basically an incense burner. It holds the incense while it burns so you can protect other objects from the heat. 

9.    Wand: The wand represents the male aspect and air. It is usually made from wood but can again be made of mostly anything. It is sometimes used in place of the athame or sword, and is used for directing energies.

        The important thing to remember about ritual tools is that cost is not important. Some may tell you not to argue over prices and pay what people ask. They may say the more expensive things are the better they work. This is not necessarily so. Just because something cost more does not make it better. You could use a piece of family stemware for your chalice rather than paying hundreds of dollars for a handmade original. On the other hand if a high dollar item calls to you feel free to purchase it and use it. Just remember that you wont be much use to yourself or the Gods if you cant eat because you spent all your cash on ritual items.
 
 

        Tradition is defined as a set of customs and usages passed down through generations. The same holds true in the context of magickal traditions. Traditions are a set way of doing rituals and magicks. There are many traditions within Wicca and lots that aren't Wiccan. In order to let you decide if you would like to adopt a tradition we have listed as some for you. We will go over each one briefly. If you are interested in one particular tradition and would like more information on it just ask the instructor.

Alexandrian:  Founded in the 1960's by Alex Sanders. Originating in England it is a popular tradition that based many of its rituals on the Gardnerian tradition.

British Traditional Witch:  This is a blending of Celtic and Gardnerian traditions. The major influences on it are Janet and Stewart Farrar from Ireland. This system is rigidly structured and has a degree system. The International  Red Garters are the largest organization of this tradition.

Celtic:  This belief system is based on the pre-Christian practices of the Celts. Other influences are Druidic and Teutonic traditions. Religious aspects are given more emphasis that magickal. The feeling of connection to the earth is of primary importance in this tradition.

Ceremonial:  The Art of science and magick are emphasized in this tradition. It has complex and often secret ritual that do not contain much emphasis on the religious. It is not geared toward the solitary practitioner, but can be utilize if adapted heavily.

Dianic:  Just as the name suggests this tradition is about the Goddess. There is little if any mention of the God in this system. Most members are women and the whole system is feminist. 

Eclectic:  The eclectic witch or Wiccan is one who follows no set path or tradition. They adapt and blend several traditions based on taste and experience. They follow a personal and practical tradition adapted to the individual rather than the group. For this reason you will find that solitaries are often eclectic.

Faerie Wicca:  The basis for this tradition is the belief in fairies. Those involved in this tradition believe that fairies are real and are an active part of their lives. It is also influenced by Celtic and Druidic traditions.

Gardnerian:  Founded in 1938 by Gerald Gardner, it is extremely structured with an elaborate hierarchy. This is another tradition nor adapted for solitary practitioners. It's influence can be found in most Wiccan traditions.

Hereditary:  The hereditary witch is one that feel they can trace the Craft through their family tree. They feel they were born into the craft and are taught all they know by a family member. This is a tradition of witchcraft rather than Wicca.

Kitchen Witch:  This tradition has and emphasis on practical applications of magic and religious aspects concerning the home and workplace. It concerns itself with the hearth and common daily routines, such as cooking meals. It adapts well to solitaries and most rituals use ingredients on hand.

Pictish:  A Scottish tradition with emphasis on connection to the natural world. It is primarily magickal with limited religious aspects. It is a system meant for solitary use.

Pow-Wow:  Developed in Germany approximately 400 years ago. Again this is a magickal system and not a religious one. The primary emphasis in Pow-Wow is healing.

Seax-Wicca:  This tradition was founded by Raymond Buckland. It is based on the pre-Christian beliefs of the Saxons. The major influence is the Gardnerian tradition.

Shamanism:  The primary concern of shamanism is the connection to the spirit world and the spirits therein. This connection enables the shaman to perform divination, healing and magic. Spirits communicate with the shaman through visions, dreams, poetry and myth.

Solitary:  The solitaire is one who practices alone, without coven or group. They may follow any tradition or even several at once. Most solitaries are eclectic.

Strega:  An Italian tradition, the history of Strega involves a mythical figure known as Aradia. Queen of the witches, she brought the knowledge of the Goddess to the people of Italy around 1353. The book "Aradia Gospel of the Witches" by Leland is a perfect resource for this tradition.

Teutonic or Nordic:  Norse mythology and pre-Christian Norse practices make up this tradition. They follow Nordic history and commonly use the runes for divination.
 

Questions

1) In your own words, explain what magick means.
2) Give an example of how to raise personal power. (For example drumming would raise personal power.)
3) How do you think ethics and magick are related?
4) When working magick why is physical re-enforcement so important?
5) Pick three ritual tools and give examples of what you could use for them. (For example a bowl of sand could be used for a thurible.)
 

Final Projects:

Students are to select one and complete it.

1) Write your own dedication (initiation) ritual. You can write one for a solitaire or a group. Be sure to use original invocations and phrasing.
2) Select two traditions. Compare and contrast them. Then construct a ritual using elements of both traditions.
3) Choose a prominent figure from Wiccan history and write a short biographical paper. Be sure to include when and if they were initiated into the craft and any tradition they belonged to.